Investors might consider an ESG fund for various reasons, such as a desire to advance non-financial goals like combating climate change, or pursuing racial and gender equity. Whatever the goals, there’s been a lot of debate about the relationship between ESG and investment performance. Some argue it hurts returns while others say the opposite. Given this, we thought we’d examine how ESG-rated funds performed in 2020.
To briefly review, we assign Morningstar Sustainability Ratings, also known as “globe” ratings, to funds based on how much material unmanaged ESG risk their holdings court. Funds whose holdings court less ESG risk receive higher ratings (that is, 4 or 5 globes) while those whose holdings court more risk get lower ratings (that is, 1 or 2 globes).
To conduct our study of ESG-rated funds’ performance, we compiled the 2020 net returns of all stock and bond funds that had a Sustainability Rating as of December 31, 2019. We compared each fund’s returns against those of the style-specific benchmark index assigned to it. For example, we compared the returns of ESG-rated large-growth funds to the Russell 1000 Growth Index, which is the index that corresponds to the large-growth Morningstar Category, and so forth.
Risk versus Reward
As shown in Exhibit 1, we found that funds with higher ESG ratings - that is, those that courted less ESG risk - beat their style-specific index more often than funds with lower ESG ratings. For instance, around 46% of funds rated “High” (meaning low ESG risk) generated higher returns than their benchmark while only 30% of funds rated “Low” (that is, high ESG risk) did the same.
Funds with higher ESG ratings also bested their benchmarks by larger average margins than funds with lower ESG ratings. In other words, there was a better average payoff to investing in funds that courted less ESG risk.
That said, some caveats apply. For one, when we look at success rates of ESG-rated funds by “intentionality” (that is, is the fund intentionally aiming to incorporate ESG, have an impact, and so on), we find success rates don't vary much by ESG rating. Put another way, success didn't depend as much on the level of ESG risk when the fund was explicitly trying to minimise ESG risk, though it’s worth noting that as a whole intentional funds succeeded more often than non-intentional funds.
By contrast, there seemed to be a stronger relationship between ESG risk and the average payoff of investing in non-intentional funds. As shown below, there was a wider spread in the average excess returns of higher- and lower-ESG rated non-intentional funds than of intentional funds.
(It’s worth noting here that there are relatively few "intentional" ESG funds. Of the 4,300-plus funds we examined, less than 500 had been tagged "Sustainable Investment - ESG Overall" as of December 31, 2019, the starting point for the study. As such, non-intentional funds drive the overall results.)
Another caveat is that the relationship between ESG risk and fund success varied quite a bit by asset class. Nearly all ESG-rated funds invest in stocks, with US stock funds accounting for nearly 60% of all ESG-rated funds. But the relationship between ESG risk and fund success wasn’t especially strong among US stock funds. Rather, it was international stock funds where the higher ESG-rated (that is, lower ESG risk) succeeded nearly twice as often as the lower ESG-rated.
This is even more apparent when we examine average excess returns by ESG risk and asset class. There's not a clear relationship between ESG risk and average payoff among U.S. stock funds and bond funds, whereas it's clearer among international stock funds.
There's a lot of debate about whether incorporating ESG helps or hurts returns and the above - which covers a single year and looks at it based on a few relatively simple measures - is unlikely to settle it. Nonetheless, this study reveals some patterns that shed light on broader performance trends in 2020, trends that bear watching as more ESG funds launch in the future and other funds consider incorporating ESG into their investment process.