I’ve never been a big fan of gold. It’s not a productive asset, so it doesn’t generate any cash flows, and it’s only worth what someone else is willing to pay for it. Yet there’s evidence that gold can serve as a hedge against a market meltdown and inflation, so it may serve a purpose as a small position in a diversified portfolio. The opportunity cost of holding gold is currently low, as real interest rates are negative.
Yet insurance doesn’t boost expected returns. Rather, it tends to reduce them. There is no compelling economic reason to expect gold to provide strong real (inflation-adjusted) returns over the long term. Gold is far from a perfect hedge against inflation and market tail risk. But then again, nothing is.
Investors willing to accept the cost of this imperfect insurance might consider a low-cost physical gold exchange-traded fund like SPDR Gold MiniShares (GLDM). It owns gold bars in a vault in London, so it should closely hew to gold spot prices.
An Imperfect Hedge
Gold is a strange metal. It is a commodity that behaves as a safe-haven asset, largely because of its universal role as a store of value for thousands of years. Sam Lee articulated it well when he said, "The best way to think of gold is as a non-yielding currency with a special trait: The only way to 'print' it is to pull it out of the earth at great cost." Like any foreign currency, the price of gold tends to move in the opposite direction of the strength of the US dollar.
Predicting the movement of any currency or commodity is very difficult, and gold is no different. The best reason to own it is as a hedge against a market meltdown and inflation, rather than as a speculative bet that gold prices will be higher in the future. Over short periods, gold has been uncorrelated with stocks, but over longer holding periods the two assets have been negatively correlated, as Exhibit 1 (below) shows. In other words, gold has tended to do well in stretches when stocks have fared poorly, and vice versa. For example, during the global financial crisis from Oct. 9, 2007, through March 9, 2009, gold cumulatively gained 25.9%, while the S&P 500 lost 54.9%.
But there is no law that this relationship must always hold, and there are no economic drivers to enforce it. It exists because investors perceive gold as a safe-haven asset and use it accordingly. While there isn’t a compelling reason to expect that perception to change, the hedge is only as strong as that perception.
In this way, gold is similar to fiat currencies like the US dollar. Its value depends on others’ faith in it, as there are limited practical applications for it aside from jewellery. The difference is the supply of gold is fairly stable, while central banks can change their money supply at will. This underpins the second reason for owning gold: to hedge against inflation.
Like most commodities, gold prices have been positively correlated with inflation, as Exhibit 1 also shows. But they don’t move in lockstep with inflation. Gold can and has lost purchasing power over decade-long spans, as it did between August 1993 and December 2005. Investors who bought gold at its record high real price in January 1980 are still waiting to be made whole on an inflation-adjusted basis. Gold is clearly not a perfect inflation hedge, though it can help boost returns in inflationary periods.
Cryptocurrency has emerged as a competing asset with gold for investors who don’t trust government-issued currency. While this could reduce investment demand for gold, it still has a couple of things in its favor: it has proven staying power and is more likely to be around 50 years from now than any cryptocurrency; and gold still behaves like a safe-haven asset, while most cryptocurrencies are highly speculative.
Opportunity Cost
Gold doesn’t yield anything, so there’s an opportunity cost to own it. The lower interest rates are, the lower that opportunity cost is. Consequently, there has been a strong inverse relationship between real (inflation-adjusted) interest rates and the real price of gold, like most bonds. Because current prices and future returns move in opposite directions, the expected returns on gold are positively correlated with real interest rates, even though gold yields nothing. Exhibit 2 (below) shows this relationship. Low interest rates inflate gold prices but depress future returns.
Rising interest rates hurt gold prices by increasing the opportunity cost of holding it. So a bet on gold is also a bet that real interest rates will remain low.
Because real interest rates are near record lows, it’s not surprising that real gold prices in US dollars are near record highs, as shown in Exhibit 3. Viewed in this light, gold is far from a screaming buy. Although its long-term real returns will likely be lower going forward, gold may still be worth considering. It’s not perfect, but it can still serve as a hedge against tail risk and inflation.
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